Networking

                                                                     Networking
Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with the communication between computer systems or devices. This is important for a variety of reasons, many of which already have been mentioned above. A computer network is the interconnection of computing devices in order to share data and is built with a combination of computer hardware and software. 
So you want to set up a computer network. Right here, we have two of my computers  Macbook and PC here.And they both have Ethernet ports but where do connect them to. What I  need is something like this a router. Router has a bunch of ports in  the back that I can  connect to  multiple computers, and it also works wireless. A router, you can connect Macs and PCs on combined network. 

      First, Neworking devices that filter that traffic are called connectivity devices and there are several different types.

          Bridge  is connectivity device that forwards data based on a physical address and operate at the Network Access layer in the TCP/IP.

           Hub typically do not filter data but instead retransmit incoming data packets or to all ports.

           Routers are an essential part of the any layer TCP/IP that would be the IP address.

           Switch,simplified is smarter version to all ports.

      Second, networking types.this part is about most famous connection type and their adventages

   1.      WAN (wide area network )

Much larger than other connection types , example : whole world and it includes of the LANs and WAN

2.      MAN (metropolitian area network)

MANs connect two or more local area networks or campus area networks by connecting routers, switches and hubs (will be defined in hardware section), within the area of a single town or city.It includes mini network such as  LAN and PAN

3.      LAN (local area network )

A LAN may be either wired or wireless and is a computer network that covers a fairly small area, such as a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a library or airport.It shows higher speed than other for sharing data resources

4.      PAN (personal area network )

A PAN is a computer network used to connect devices that are close to someone's person.Its advantage is for example you can share photos computer devices ,watch your TV from your home

5.      PN (private network )

With this network any person or company connect to each other without internet and without easily their datas of internet.

       Next,  think of a topology network's virtual shape in structure and computers are a home network be arranges in a circle in a family room other rooms. Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types.bus,ring,star,tree,wesh topologies. Topology remains an important part of network design they .You can probably build a home or small business computer network without understanding the differance between a bus design and star design  but becoming familiar with the standart topologies gives you a better understanding of impotant networking concept like hubs,broadcats and routers.

       Finally, Computer communication, it seems, will become a much more useful networking tool when large numbers of people with similar interests acquire access to the technology. Though it can expedite the formation of new interpersonal networks by overcoming the space and time barriers faced by traditional networking techniques, it still requires a great deal of concentrated effort and resources to get the people to use it. This problem should become increasingly minimized over the coming years as the technological innovations become more diffused throughout society.

         

Operating System

An operating system, or OS, is a common computer piece in the world today. An OS is an intricate set of software programs that helps organize information within a computer’s hardware. Every general-purpose computer must have operating system installed on it to run other programs.  
    First, The basic unit. Operating systems provide a software platform (The underlying hardware or software for a system) on top of which other application programs can run. The application program has to be written to run on a specific operating system. User chooses the OS, so that regulates the application possible to run on a system.
     Second, There are four  essential managers of every OS and they all work together like team to get jobs completed. An operating system is simple term it’s chief program that manages all of the hardware and software . It is works as their bass and makes sure they are all working in harmony.   

1.   Memory management is the function that controlling and coordinating memory location and either allocated or free blocks to various programms to optimize overall system performance. There are 4 types of technique ways to manage memory.

1.      Single contiguous allocation

2.      Partitioned allocation

3.      Paged memory management

4.      Segmented memory management

All this techniques has their own advantages on their own. In hardware memory management involves components that physically store data, such as RAM (Random Access Memory ), VRAM (Virtual RAM), GRAM (Graphical RAM), chips, memory caches and flash based SSDs (Solid Star Drives)

           2.  Device manager is Control Panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating system. It allows user to view and control the hardware attached to the computer.Hardware devices typically provide the ability to input data into the computer output data from the computerDevice managment 

does the following activities for device manager keep track of all devices, decides.this process gets the device.allocates the devices in the efficent way de-allocated devices.Device manager important to make sure. It's well designed.

  Device drivers 

  Device detection 

  asynchronous I/O

  Power managment 

  Userspace exposure

  Exciting driver interface

3. File management is organizing and keeping track of files and folders. It helps you stay organised so information is easy to locate and use. Using the file management tools, you can save files in folders with appropriate names so these files can be found or identified easily, create new folders quickly for recognition of information, delete unnecessary files and folders, search for files and folders, create shortcuts of files for quick access and compress files and folders to save space.

4.     Network management is the process of administering and managing the computer networks of one or many organisations. Various services provided by network managers include fault analysis, performance management, provisioning of network and network devices.

5.  The Process manager  is an integral part of any modern-day operating system (OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization among processes.

        

          Finally, The OS secures the users files by managing its resource allocation and files, which allow users to comfortably share their computer and networking capabilities with others.