Networking

                                                                     Networking
Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with the communication between computer systems or devices. This is important for a variety of reasons, many of which already have been mentioned above. A computer network is the interconnection of computing devices in order to share data and is built with a combination of computer hardware and software. 
So you want to set up a computer network. Right here, we have two of my computers  Macbook and PC here.And they both have Ethernet ports but where do connect them to. What I  need is something like this a router. Router has a bunch of ports in  the back that I can  connect to  multiple computers, and it also works wireless. A router, you can connect Macs and PCs on combined network. 

      First, Neworking devices that filter that traffic are called connectivity devices and there are several different types.

          Bridge  is connectivity device that forwards data based on a physical address and operate at the Network Access layer in the TCP/IP.

           Hub typically do not filter data but instead retransmit incoming data packets or to all ports.

           Routers are an essential part of the any layer TCP/IP that would be the IP address.

           Switch,simplified is smarter version to all ports.

      Second, networking types.this part is about most famous connection type and their adventages

   1.      WAN (wide area network )

Much larger than other connection types , example : whole world and it includes of the LANs and WAN

2.      MAN (metropolitian area network)

MANs connect two or more local area networks or campus area networks by connecting routers, switches and hubs (will be defined in hardware section), within the area of a single town or city.It includes mini network such as  LAN and PAN

3.      LAN (local area network )

A LAN may be either wired or wireless and is a computer network that covers a fairly small area, such as a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a library or airport.It shows higher speed than other for sharing data resources

4.      PAN (personal area network )

A PAN is a computer network used to connect devices that are close to someone's person.Its advantage is for example you can share photos computer devices ,watch your TV from your home

5.      PN (private network )

With this network any person or company connect to each other without internet and without easily their datas of internet.

       Next,  think of a topology network's virtual shape in structure and computers are a home network be arranges in a circle in a family room other rooms. Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types.bus,ring,star,tree,wesh topologies. Topology remains an important part of network design they .You can probably build a home or small business computer network without understanding the differance between a bus design and star design  but becoming familiar with the standart topologies gives you a better understanding of impotant networking concept like hubs,broadcats and routers.

       Finally, Computer communication, it seems, will become a much more useful networking tool when large numbers of people with similar interests acquire access to the technology. Though it can expedite the formation of new interpersonal networks by overcoming the space and time barriers faced by traditional networking techniques, it still requires a great deal of concentrated effort and resources to get the people to use it. This problem should become increasingly minimized over the coming years as the technological innovations become more diffused throughout society.

         

Operating System

An operating system, or OS, is a common computer piece in the world today. An OS is an intricate set of software programs that helps organize information within a computer’s hardware. Every general-purpose computer must have operating system installed on it to run other programs.  
    First, The basic unit. Operating systems provide a software platform (The underlying hardware or software for a system) on top of which other application programs can run. The application program has to be written to run on a specific operating system. User chooses the OS, so that regulates the application possible to run on a system.
     Second, There are four  essential managers of every OS and they all work together like team to get jobs completed. An operating system is simple term it’s chief program that manages all of the hardware and software . It is works as their bass and makes sure they are all working in harmony.   

1.   Memory management is the function that controlling and coordinating memory location and either allocated or free blocks to various programms to optimize overall system performance. There are 4 types of technique ways to manage memory.

1.      Single contiguous allocation

2.      Partitioned allocation

3.      Paged memory management

4.      Segmented memory management

All this techniques has their own advantages on their own. In hardware memory management involves components that physically store data, such as RAM (Random Access Memory ), VRAM (Virtual RAM), GRAM (Graphical RAM), chips, memory caches and flash based SSDs (Solid Star Drives)

           2.  Device manager is Control Panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating system. It allows user to view and control the hardware attached to the computer.Hardware devices typically provide the ability to input data into the computer output data from the computerDevice managment 

does the following activities for device manager keep track of all devices, decides.this process gets the device.allocates the devices in the efficent way de-allocated devices.Device manager important to make sure. It's well designed.

  Device drivers 

  Device detection 

  asynchronous I/O

  Power managment 

  Userspace exposure

  Exciting driver interface

3. File management is organizing and keeping track of files and folders. It helps you stay organised so information is easy to locate and use. Using the file management tools, you can save files in folders with appropriate names so these files can be found or identified easily, create new folders quickly for recognition of information, delete unnecessary files and folders, search for files and folders, create shortcuts of files for quick access and compress files and folders to save space.

4.     Network management is the process of administering and managing the computer networks of one or many organisations. Various services provided by network managers include fault analysis, performance management, provisioning of network and network devices.

5.  The Process manager  is an integral part of any modern-day operating system (OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization among processes.

        

          Finally, The OS secures the users files by managing its resource allocation and files, which allow users to comfortably share their computer and networking capabilities with others.

A lot of people say about the effects of technology on communication. Do you agree or disagree? /essay-4/

It is true that new technologies have had an influence on communication between people. Technology has affected relationships in various ways, and in my opinion there are both positive and negative effects.

        Technology has had an impact on relationships in business, education and social life. Firstly, telephones and the Internet allow business people in different countries to interact without ever meeting each other.

         Secondly, services like Skype create new possibilities for relationships between students and teachers. For example, a student can now take video lessons with a teacher in a different city or country.  Finally, many people use social networks, like Facebook, to make new friends and find people who share common interests, and they interact through their computers rather than face to face.

         However, technology is agree to help not only benefit human life. For example, we believe that we do not live communication they are used daily such as facebook, chat, messenger. I understand their point of view, but I can not agree with it. I still think that technology makes us more lonely.

          In a nutshell, I understand that everything in this world has its own good or bad points. Nonetheless, I would still make a stand (position) and agree that technology can help us gain.

Networking

Networking is the word people use when they’re talking about connecting  computers together so they can share data with each other and all connect to the internet at the same time. Let’s take a closer look at the key components that make up a simple easy to set up network. Think of a network is something similar to your body central nervous system.  At the top of the network is a brain that handless all the traffic coming through.  This is called a router. The brain is connected  to a spine that send signals throughout your network. This device is called a switch and it distributes signals to all of your computers and devices via network cables. Now let’s check out each of the components of a wired network and more detail. We’ll start with the router. A router has a smart little computer inside that identifies all of the computers and devices on your network and assigns a unique number to each one. Techie people call this an IP address.  A router also components to the internet outside  your home via a modem that can be provided by your dsl or cable internet provider. A router is always at work. Managing the tons and tons of information your computers and devices send and receive and controlling which computers and devices get what information and when so how does a router actually send information from the internet to your computers and devices and how does it enable your computers  to share information with each other.  The answer lies with that device we mentioned earlier a switch a switch sins traffic through your network to the places it needs to go. Every netgear home router has a switch with four ports built right into it you can also get wireless routers     from netgear that use radio signals to do. The sem thing as a switch but there still have those four ports built into them so you can use wires with them to when you’re buying a router for use in wired. Network pay attention to the speed of the built-in switch the fastest switches are called gigabit and they’re perfect for application like streaming video in your home meanwhile routers switches called fast Ethernet are great for essential tasks like web surfing email and online gaming now say have more than four idea as you’d like to plug into. A router you need more ports the solution in easy you’ll need an additional switch which again is that thing that’s already  built into your router in this case though you just need to switch portion and not another router. Because your network doesn’t need two brains after  all netgear has switches with as few as five ports as well as some that feature 24 ports or more once again. If you need the fastest speeds go for a gigabit switch your smart pants netgear router will  recognize. These new connections and start sending data to the right away here’s one more thing to keep in mind some people often confuse a switch with a related device called a hub. Which is obsolete you just need to know that hubs were replaced by switches. Because switches do the same thing but with a lot more speed and smarts a router a switch and network cables all come together to create a fast and reliable wired network. That works a lot like your body’s nervous system fortunately you don’t have to be super brainy to understand how it all works. 

People use computers when they work go banking or everywhere, but some argue that it will make people isolated and decrease their social skills. To what extend do you agree with this view point? /essay-2/

  Almost everything is done with a help of a computer.  It become a common part of e Some people think that the computers have made our life more comfortable, but others have a negative attitude. One of the main advantages of computers is that we get information via the internet. It has made around the world. In my opinion, there are many salutaring of using computer.

        
    In addition to this, many people do their jobs with the help oTf computer technology.  

        
    What was uppermost in my mind user mostly a computer. Computer by used saving a time. And accept to internet. Also, I’m studying a lessons watching a media , fast of communication.

           
     For instance, an aeroplane is a form of transportation is realized by computer technology. As my example shows, computers have positive effects on human life. To sum up, we are living in the computer age. We can now do your tasks more easily. Thus computers have made life easier and convenient.

        Finally, after using a computer to help us. Can be used in the future.

What effect does moving away from computers and towards tablets and smartphones have on how we browse the Internet? /essay-3/

The internet is a worldwide connection of computer systems over massive network. We use to access of the internet in everyday life. The most common of communication is one away which is where a website is placed on server and browse on computer. There is also direct online  communication via email, messenger or online video and audio. Before we only use by a browse of computer to internet. That now, we use to moving step by step smartphones. So, Smartphone’s market is become one of  the most of demand or high beneficial  in the world’s market.  Which is have many  advantages.

           It is such faster or easier to surf the internet in search of information. There is use to available  anywhere and at any hour of day or night.

           That is cheaper price or cost than of browse on computer. Because of computer is the most of expensive or cost of so many components.

           The Smart phone has a few disadvantages. For ex: small of screen, easier of focus viruses.

           Finally, there is has several advantages. The system is improving all the time and any problems which still exist can be solved. Whether we like or not.  We have to make the best possible use it. 

UK Telephone calls by category 1995-2005

From the bar chart, we  can clearly see that combined time spent in billions of minutes, on three different kinds of phone calls in the United Kingdom, from 1995-2002.  Overall, local calls were the most popular over the whole period, with national and international calls and calls on mobiles second and third respectively. 
         However the number of minutes spent on international and national calls and mobiles increased over the period, with mobile minutes increasing dramatically, thus narrowing the gap between the three categories by 2002.

In comparison, the highest jump was local calls for rose gradually to reach 90 billion in 1999 and then steadily decreasing 70 billion minutes in 2002.

         National and International calls increased steadily from just under 40 billion minutes in 1995 to a peaked at 60 billion in 2002.

         Mobile calls rose gradually 10 billion minutes, in 1999. After that rose Sharply to reach 40 billion minutes in 2002.

         Finally resumptive lately  in mobile phone usage rising. However local calls in decreased.